| Concept | Diagram | |---------|---------| | Management as a process | Input → Process → Output (feedback loop) | | Levels of management | Pyramid – Top, Middle, Lower | | Fayol’s 14 principles | List with explanation | | Maslow’s Hierarchy | Pyramid: Physiological → Safety → Social → Esteem → Self-actualization | | Herzberg’s Two-factor | Hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) vs Motivators (satisfiers) | | Managerial Grid | 1,1 – 9,9 styles | | Span of control | Narrow vs wide | | Types of organization structure | Line, Staff, Matrix charts | | Control process | Standards → Measure → Compare → Correct | Short Answer Examples: Q1. What is MBO? Ans. Management by Objectives (Peter Drucker): A process where managers and subordinates jointly set objectives, monitor performance, and evaluate results. Steps: Goal setting → Action planning → Self-control → Periodic review.
| Basis | Authority | Responsibility | |-------|-----------|----------------| | Meaning | Right to command | Obligation to perform | | Source | Position | Subordinate’s acceptance | | Flow | Downward | Upward | | Delegation | Possible | Cannot be fully delegated | l m prasad principles and practice of management
